Banyak orang di Indonesia kurang menggunakan waktu dengan tepat pada saat sedang menunggu. Mereka biasanya memanfaatkan waktunya dengan menelepon,bermain game,membaca ataupun browsing dengan menggunakan hp smartphone atau menggunakan laptop. Orang jarang menggunakan waktunya untuk memikirkan ide-ide baru. Prinsipnya sama dengan "out of the box". Menumbuhkan kebiasaan ini haruslah dimulai dari kecil. Memang budaya pendidikan di Indonesia kurang sesuai dengan prinsip Out of the box.
Kembali ke topik, ide-ide bisnis kreatif dapat muncul waktu kita menggunakan waktu menunggu dengan berpikir. Memang hal itu menimbulkan kesan melamun bagi orang yang melihatnya. Akan tetapi ide baru bahkan ide kreatif dapatmuncul dari proses itu. Google bahkan mendesign kamar mandi nya senyaman mungkin dikarenakan ide baru kerap muncul dari tempat itu.
Belakangan ini saya berpikiran untuk menciptakan jalur bis yang menghubungkan antara Depok-Ragunan. Sarana bis ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat kemacetan yang sering terjadi pada pagi hari di Srengseng Sawah. Terdapat empat titik kemacetan antara jalur Depok dan Jakarta; titik kemacetan yang pertama terdapat di Universitas Indonesia, yang kedua di Srengseng Sawah, yang ketiga sebelum stasiun tanah abang, dan yang keempat sepanjang Tanjung Barat hingga Ragunan dan sepanjang jalan raya pasar minggu. Rata-rata waktu yang dibutuhkan melewati titik-titik kemacetan bervariasi, kurang lebih 10 menit bagi sepeda motor dan 20-30 menit bagi kendaraan roda empat dan bus. Faktor kemacetan ini disebabkan karena banyaknya alat transportasi yang melintas oleh para commuter. Menurut pendapat saya tingkat kemacetan dapat dikurangi dengan cara menggunakan transportasi massal yaitu bis dengan tujuan terminal busway ragunan. Penumpang bis Depok dan Ragunan ini secara otomatis akan berpindah ke busway.Nah disinilah perlu kearifan lokal dan kerja samanya dari manajemen trans jakarta dalam menyediakan alat angkut tambahan bagi penduduk Depok. Secara perhitungan bisnis biaya yang harus dikeluarkan penumpang adalah Rp.30.000,- dengan perhitungan Rp.12.000,- dari Depok-Ragunan, dan busway Rp.2.000,-/pagi hari dan Rp.3.500,-/sore hari. Bus yang dipergunakan adalah bus yang berisi 36 kursi. Biaya bahan bakar untuk bus pulang pergi sebesar Rp. 200.000,-. Untuk menghemat biaya operasional bus ini dapat menunggu di Ragunan, sehingga pada waktu sore bus tersebut dapat kembali lagi ke Depok. Nah permasalahan yang timbul adalah dimana terminal bus ini di Ragunan, dan berapa luas lahan yang dibutuhkan untuk 10-20 bus?Hal ini perlu dilakukan survei lebih lanjut...
Thursday, 28 April 2011
Monday, 4 April 2011
Bagaimana cara mengatur dana pensiun
Tentu setiap menjadi pegawai baik itu karyawan swasta dan pns akan mengalami masa pensiun. Pada umumnya orang akan memasuki masa pensiun di usia 55 tahun di Indonesia. Tentu saja pendapatan yang diterima akan berkurang jika dibandingkan masih bekerja dan ditambah lagi biaya pengeluaran yang akan bertambah karena anak akan memasuki dunia kuliah, kenaikan inflasi, dan belum pengeluaran rutin untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Pengeluaran yang semakin besar dan jumlah pendapatan (tunjangan pensiun) yang semakin turun merupakan suatu masalah bagi orang yang tidak mempunyai pekerjaan lain. Sebagai catatan: pemerintah Indonesia tidak memberikan social security bagi pensiunan seperti Amerika.Bagi mereka yang tidak mempunyai pekerjaan lain setelah pensiun akan menjual asset mereka untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari tapi sampai kapan mereka akan menjual asset untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. oleh karena itu beberapa tips dalam mengelola dana pensiun pribadi:
1. Estimasikan kebutuhan anda pada saat pensiun
Warisan yang paling berharga bagi anak adalah pengetahuan dan tingkat pendidikan bukan materi semata. Dengan demikian rencanakan ke depan kemana anak anda akan menempuh pendidikan. Dengan merencanakan ke mana anak anda akan menempuh pendidikan anda dapat merencanakan keuangan anda sehingga pendidikan anak tidak terbengkalai.
Selain kebutuhan akan pendidikan anak, anda juga harus mengestimasi kebutuhan hidup apa yang harus dipenuhi pada saat pensiun. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan benchmarking ke orangtua, saudara yang telah mengalami pensiun. Kebutuhan hidup dapat berupa konsumsi harian, biaya bensin, biaya perawatan mobil, biaya kebersihan taman dan keamanan kompleks, biaya liburan, biaya pembelian alat elektronik, biaya cicilan rumah,dll.
2. Estimasikan berapa pendapatan yang akan anda peroleh pada masa pensiun
Jika anda menjadi pegawai saat ini, pendapatan anda akan berkurang 25% dari pendapatan terakhir anda pada saat pensiun. Jika anda memiliki tabungan dan deposito anda dapat memperkirakan berapa bunga yang akan saya dapat per bulan. Jika anda memiliki saham dan obligasi anda dapat memperkirakan berapa return dan bunga yang akan anda terima.
3. Berapa lama hidup anda dalam masa pensiun?
Tingkat harapan hidup orang Indonesia adalah 67 tahun, jadi anda masih hidup 12 tahun setelah pensiun (*usia pensiun orang indonesia 75 tahun). Anda tidak mau hidup menderita di masa pensiun oleh karena itu anda harus mengestimasi berapa kebutuhan uang selama masa pensiun. Anda dapat mengestimasi bahwa anda masih dapat hidup 25 atau 30 tahun kedepan setelah anda pensiun.
4. Contoh dalam menghitung rencana keuangan anda menghadapi pensiun.
Bapak Amir berusia 30 tahun, saat ini Bapak Amir mempunyai keluarga dengan dua orang anak yang masih balita. Penghasilan Bapak Amir setiap bulan adalah Rp.3.000.000,- Istri pak Amir juga bekerja dengan penghasilan Rp.2.500.000,-. Kebutuhan hidup keluarga ditanggung oleh pak Amir, penghasilan Istri pak Amir tidak dimasukkan dalam penghasilan keluarga. Saat ini pak Amir mempunyai cicilan rumah Rp. 1.000.000,-, Pak Amir mempunyai sepeda motor bebek yang baru dibelinya sebagai alat transportasi. Karena kesibukan bapak dan ibu Amir, mereka memiliki satu pembantu yang sekaligus merangkap sebagai baby sitter. Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pembantu setiap bulan Rp.350ribu. Biaya susu anak setiap bulan Rp.400 ribu. Pengeluaran untuk bahan bakar sepeda motor Rp.250 ribu setiap bulan.
------to be continue---------
1. Estimasikan kebutuhan anda pada saat pensiun
Warisan yang paling berharga bagi anak adalah pengetahuan dan tingkat pendidikan bukan materi semata. Dengan demikian rencanakan ke depan kemana anak anda akan menempuh pendidikan. Dengan merencanakan ke mana anak anda akan menempuh pendidikan anda dapat merencanakan keuangan anda sehingga pendidikan anak tidak terbengkalai.
Selain kebutuhan akan pendidikan anak, anda juga harus mengestimasi kebutuhan hidup apa yang harus dipenuhi pada saat pensiun. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan benchmarking ke orangtua, saudara yang telah mengalami pensiun. Kebutuhan hidup dapat berupa konsumsi harian, biaya bensin, biaya perawatan mobil, biaya kebersihan taman dan keamanan kompleks, biaya liburan, biaya pembelian alat elektronik, biaya cicilan rumah,dll.
2. Estimasikan berapa pendapatan yang akan anda peroleh pada masa pensiun
Jika anda menjadi pegawai saat ini, pendapatan anda akan berkurang 25% dari pendapatan terakhir anda pada saat pensiun. Jika anda memiliki tabungan dan deposito anda dapat memperkirakan berapa bunga yang akan saya dapat per bulan. Jika anda memiliki saham dan obligasi anda dapat memperkirakan berapa return dan bunga yang akan anda terima.
3. Berapa lama hidup anda dalam masa pensiun?
Tingkat harapan hidup orang Indonesia adalah 67 tahun, jadi anda masih hidup 12 tahun setelah pensiun (*usia pensiun orang indonesia 75 tahun). Anda tidak mau hidup menderita di masa pensiun oleh karena itu anda harus mengestimasi berapa kebutuhan uang selama masa pensiun. Anda dapat mengestimasi bahwa anda masih dapat hidup 25 atau 30 tahun kedepan setelah anda pensiun.
4. Contoh dalam menghitung rencana keuangan anda menghadapi pensiun.
Bapak Amir berusia 30 tahun, saat ini Bapak Amir mempunyai keluarga dengan dua orang anak yang masih balita. Penghasilan Bapak Amir setiap bulan adalah Rp.3.000.000,- Istri pak Amir juga bekerja dengan penghasilan Rp.2.500.000,-. Kebutuhan hidup keluarga ditanggung oleh pak Amir, penghasilan Istri pak Amir tidak dimasukkan dalam penghasilan keluarga. Saat ini pak Amir mempunyai cicilan rumah Rp. 1.000.000,-, Pak Amir mempunyai sepeda motor bebek yang baru dibelinya sebagai alat transportasi. Karena kesibukan bapak dan ibu Amir, mereka memiliki satu pembantu yang sekaligus merangkap sebagai baby sitter. Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pembantu setiap bulan Rp.350ribu. Biaya susu anak setiap bulan Rp.400 ribu. Pengeluaran untuk bahan bakar sepeda motor Rp.250 ribu setiap bulan.
------to be continue---------
Monday, 21 March 2011
General Insurance is the way to prevent household financial from risk.
Can we predict the risk? can we solve financial problem when risk hit us?
We can't predict earthquake, vulcano erupsion, tsunami, or criminal cases. All that mentioned before can be called it as risk. The risk is the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. According to http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/risk.php?cid=80, earthquake had a great impact in Indonesia. It could make GDP losses around US$79.13 billion . Can you make a fast recovery when it happens to you? That's why we need general insurance. Insurance can recover your financial loss. You manage your risk when you buy insurance. You'll be a risk manager for yourself.
What kind of insurance that we need? The first that you can do is identify your risk and then classify your risk based on likelihood of risk occuring and impact of risk. Choose the risk that can make high impact but low likelihood or high impact and high likelihood. Call your insurance agent to ask what is the appropriate insurance. How much budget do we need for insurance? In my opinion you must spent maximal 5-10% from your income.
We can't predict earthquake, vulcano erupsion, tsunami, or criminal cases. All that mentioned before can be called it as risk. The risk is the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. According to http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/risk.php?cid=80, earthquake had a great impact in Indonesia. It could make GDP losses around US$79.13 billion . Can you make a fast recovery when it happens to you? That's why we need general insurance. Insurance can recover your financial loss. You manage your risk when you buy insurance. You'll be a risk manager for yourself.
What kind of insurance that we need? The first that you can do is identify your risk and then classify your risk based on likelihood of risk occuring and impact of risk. Choose the risk that can make high impact but low likelihood or high impact and high likelihood. Call your insurance agent to ask what is the appropriate insurance. How much budget do we need for insurance? In my opinion you must spent maximal 5-10% from your income.
Friday, 18 March 2011
Tsunami and Effect for Japanesse Industry
Tsunami hitted East Japanesse a week ago. Tsunami destroyed Miyagi distict and caused problems to Nuclear reactor. Japan will be a second chournebille according to newspapers. News made foods from Japan had decreased. Informations from news made investors panic. Because of that Japanesse Market had been collapse and many investors sold their stocks which came from Japanese coorporation. What's the implication from Japan for market analyze?
Based on Theory from books we know that when stocks prices decrease, it'll be rebound again. We needs much information and follow news every day. The data give market analyze confidence in predicting stocks price. Of course, from one analyst predicts the market will be different in the stock price with other market analysts. This gap information will make stocks price increase or decrease slowly.
Based on Theory from books we know that when stocks prices decrease, it'll be rebound again. We needs much information and follow news every day. The data give market analyze confidence in predicting stocks price. Of course, from one analyst predicts the market will be different in the stock price with other market analysts. This gap information will make stocks price increase or decrease slowly.
Monday, 31 May 2010
Pencemaran air
PENCEMARAN AIR
A. Pendahuluan
Pembangunan yang berkelanjutan (sustainable development) hanya akan tercapai apabila kebutuhan manusia dan kapasitas sumberdaya alam terbaharui yang akan memenuhi kebutuhan manusia tersebut dapat seimbang seiring dengan perjalanan waktu. Dengan kata lain, pembangunan dikatakan terlanjutkan apabila pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam bagi kepentingan umat manusia pada saat sekarang ini masih menjamin kelangsungan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam tersebut bagi anak-cucu kita di masa yang akan datang (Asdak, 1995).
Pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam kegiatan bisnis harus didukung oleh sistem pengendalian lingkungan dan konservasi sumberdaya sehingga dapat mengendalikan dan mengurangi pencemaran udara, air, dan tanah yang berasal dari kegiatan bisnis ataupun dari kegiatan manusia sehari-hari. Dengan adanya sistem pengendalian lingkungan dan konservasi sumberdaya ini maka akan dapat memunculkan kesempatan ataupun juga suatu hambatan bagi kegiatan bisnis.
Di dalam menjalankan bisnis, faktor ekologi dan bisnis mempunyai hubungan yang timbal balik. Kegiatan bisnis dapat merubah kondisi ekologi, dan kondisi ekologi dapat merubah proses bisnis yang ada. Sebagai contoh kegiatan bisnis tambang batubara di Bangka merubah kondisi ekologi wilayah dan bentang lahan di wilayah bekas galian, pencemaran udara oleh asap pabrik, dan kendaraan menyebabkan langit biru tidak terdapat di kota Jabotadebek, pencemaran limbah di sungai baik itu dari kegiatan industri dan rumah tangga menyebabkan ikan musnah.
Dari ulasan singkat diatas maka makalah ini akan membahas mengenai pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh industri dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Makalah ini terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu bagian pertama mengenai pendahuluan, bagian kedua mengenai pencemaran air dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan bagian ketiga mengenai kesimpulan dan saran.
II. Pencemaran air
Air merupakan sumber kehidupan di muka bumi ini, kita semua bergantung pada air. Dengan demikian diperlukan air yang dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya. Belakangan ini, persoalan penyediaan air yang memenuhi syarat menjadi masalah seluruh umat manusia. Dari segi kualitas dan kuantitas air telah berkurang yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran.
Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 32/2009 yang dimaksud dengan pencemaran lingkungan adalah masuk atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam lingkungan hidup oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga melampaui baku mutu lingkungan hidup yang telah ditetapkan. Baku mutu lingkungan hidup itu sendiri adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan/atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam suatu sumberdaya tertentu sebagai unsur lingkungan hidup. Berdasarkan definisi pencemaran menurut UU maka dapat disederhanakan dengan melihat dua unsur dalam masalah pencemaran yaitu sumber perubahan akibat kegiatan manusia atau proses alam, bentuk perubahannya adalah berubahnya konsentrasi suatu bahan dalam lingkungan. Maka pencemaran air adalah masuk atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan atau komponen lain kedalam air dan atau berubahnya tatanan air oleh kegiatan manusia atau proses alam sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ketingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan air kurang atau tidak dapat lagi berfungsi sesuai dengan peruntukkannya.
Lokasi industri yang tidak jauh dari perairan sungai ataupun laut, seringkali mengakibatkan perairan tersebut mengalami pencemaran. Limbah industri seringkali meninggalkan logam-logam berat seperti cadmium, zinc, timah dan besi serta mengakibatkan kerusakan ekosistem. Pencemaran air yang telah terjadi secara alami misalnya adanya jumlah logam-logam berat yang masuk dan menumpuk dalam tubuh manusia, logam berat ini dapat meracuni organ tubuh melalui pencernaan karena tubuh memakan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang mengandung logam berat meskipun diperlukan dalam jumlah kecil. Penumpukan logam-logam berat ini terjadi dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan karena terkontaminasi oleh limbah industri.
Air normal yang memenuhi syarat untuk suatu kehidupan mempunyai pH sekitar 6,5-7,5. Air akan bersifat asam atau basa tergantung besar kecilnya pH. Bila pH dibawah pH normal, maka air tersebut bersifat asam, sedangkan air yang mempunyai pH diatas pH normal bersifat basa. Air limbah dan bahan buangan industri akan mengubah pH air yang akhirnya akan mengganggu kehidupan biota akuatik.
Banyaknya zat pencemar pada air limbah akan menyebabkan menurunnya kadar oksigen terlarut dalam air tersebut, sehingga akan mengakibatkan kehidupan dalam air yang membutuhkan oksigen terganggu serta mengurangi perkembangannya. Selain itu kematian dapat pula disebabkan adanya zat beracun yang juga menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman dan tumbuhan air. Akibat matinya bakteri-bakteri, maka proses penjernihan air secara alamiah yang seharusnya terjadi pada air limbah juga terhambat. Dengan air limbah menjadi sulit terurai. Panas dari industri juaga akan membawa dampak bagi kematian organisme, apabila air limbah tidak didinginkan dahulu. (Warlina,2004). Cara menanggulangi agar tidak terjadi penumpukan logam-logam berat, maka limbah industri hendaknya dilakukan pengolahan sebelum dibuang ke sungai.
Pada prinsipnya ada 2 (dua) usaha untuk menanggulangi pencemaran, yaitu penanggulangan secara non-teknis dan secara teknis. Penanggulangan secara non-teknis yaitu suatu usaha untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dengan cara menciptakan peraturan perundangan yang dapat merencanakan, mengatur dan mengawasi segala macam bentuk kegiatan industri dan teknologi sehingga tidak terjadi pencemaran. Peraturan perundangan ini hendaknya dapat memberikan gambaran secara jelas tentang kegiatan industri yang akan dilaksanakan, misalnya meliputi AMDAL, pengaturan dan pengawasan kegiatan dan menanamkan perilaku disiplin sedangkan penanggulangan secara teknis bersumber pada perlakuan industri terhadap perlakuan buangannya, misalnya dengan mengubah proses, mengelola limbah atau menambah alat bantu yang dapat mengurangi pencemaran. (Warlina,2004)
Limbah industri sebelum dibuang ke tempat pembuangan, dialirkan ke sungai atau selokan hendaknya dikumpulkan di suatu tempat yang disediakan, kemudian diolah, agar bila terpaksa harus dibuang ke sungai tidak menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran air. Bahkan kalau dapat setelah diolah tidak dibuang ke sungai melainkan dapat digunakan lagi untuk keperluan industri sendiri.
Pengolahan limbah dalam kegiatan industri/perusahaan haruslah menjadi kearifan lokal bagi pemilik dan manajemen perusahaan. Pemerintah juga harus secara berkala melakukan uji kualitas air. Pelaksanaan penilaian terhadap kualitas air, yaitu membandingkan beberapa ukuran/parameter kunci dengan bakumutu yang ditetapkan, indikator yang umum diketahui pada pemeriksaan pencemaran air, antara lain; konsentrasi ion hidrogen (pH), kebutuhan oksigen untuk proses biologi (BOD), kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (COD), lemak dan minyak, nitrogen, suspended solid, total dissolved solid. (Yunuz, 2007)
Dengan adanya pengolahan limbah yang baik yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan maka dapat mewujudkan konsep pembangunan yang berkelanjutan (sustainable development), selain itu perusahaan juga bertanggung jawab terhadap lingkungan sosial (masyarakat). Perusahaan yang mempunyai kesadaran akan kelestarian lingkungan sadar bahwa kelangsungan perusahaan bukan dalam jangka pendek melainkan untuk jangka panjang. Perusahaan didalam menjalankan usahanya membutuhkan air yang bersih, dan kebutuhan air untuk jangka panjang diperoleh jika perusahaan itu mampu mengelola limbahnya. Andaikan perusahaan tidak mampu mengelola limbah buangannya tentu saja akan mengancam ketersediaan air bersih. Limbah buangan yang dibuang ke sungai, sebagian akan masuk ke dalam tanah, dan sebagian lagi akan mengikuti aliran sungai dan menguap. Air sungai yang telah tercemar limbah tentu saja tidak akan dapat diolah oleh PDAM (untuk daerah perkotaan) untuk menjadi air bersih. Air limbah yang masuk ke dalam tanah akan mencemari kualitas air tanah.
III. Kesimpulan dan Saran
Pencemaran air dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Pencemaran air dapat disebabkan salah satunya oleh limbah industri. Perusahaan dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasionalnya harus didasari kearifan lokal dengan cara mengolah limbah cair-nya dengan baik. Pengolahan limbah yang baik oleh perusahaan diperlukan untuk jangka panjang perusahaan agar tetap beroperasi. Pengolahan limbah merupakan salah satu tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan terhadap masyarakat. Pemerintah juga hendaknya mengeluarkan kebijakan yang pada dasarnya merangsang pengguna air untuk melakukan efisiensi dengan menganggap bahwa air merupakan sumberdaya yang terbatas.
.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Asdak, Chay (1995), Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, ed.1, Gadjahmada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Warlina, Lina (2004), Pencemaran air: sumber, dampak dan penanggulangannya, Makalah pribadi pengantar ke falsafah sains, Sekolah pasca sarjana S3,IPB. Bogor.
UU No.32 (2009), Undang-undang tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.
http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran-air/penanggulangan-terhadap-terjadinya-pencemaran-air-dan-pengolahan-limbah/
http://planethijau.com/mod.php?mod=publisher&op=viewarticle&cid=46&artid=1055
http://yunuzmuhammad.blogspot.com/2007/11/pengertian-dan-sumber-pencemaran.html
A. Pendahuluan
Pembangunan yang berkelanjutan (sustainable development) hanya akan tercapai apabila kebutuhan manusia dan kapasitas sumberdaya alam terbaharui yang akan memenuhi kebutuhan manusia tersebut dapat seimbang seiring dengan perjalanan waktu. Dengan kata lain, pembangunan dikatakan terlanjutkan apabila pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam bagi kepentingan umat manusia pada saat sekarang ini masih menjamin kelangsungan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam tersebut bagi anak-cucu kita di masa yang akan datang (Asdak, 1995).
Pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam kegiatan bisnis harus didukung oleh sistem pengendalian lingkungan dan konservasi sumberdaya sehingga dapat mengendalikan dan mengurangi pencemaran udara, air, dan tanah yang berasal dari kegiatan bisnis ataupun dari kegiatan manusia sehari-hari. Dengan adanya sistem pengendalian lingkungan dan konservasi sumberdaya ini maka akan dapat memunculkan kesempatan ataupun juga suatu hambatan bagi kegiatan bisnis.
Di dalam menjalankan bisnis, faktor ekologi dan bisnis mempunyai hubungan yang timbal balik. Kegiatan bisnis dapat merubah kondisi ekologi, dan kondisi ekologi dapat merubah proses bisnis yang ada. Sebagai contoh kegiatan bisnis tambang batubara di Bangka merubah kondisi ekologi wilayah dan bentang lahan di wilayah bekas galian, pencemaran udara oleh asap pabrik, dan kendaraan menyebabkan langit biru tidak terdapat di kota Jabotadebek, pencemaran limbah di sungai baik itu dari kegiatan industri dan rumah tangga menyebabkan ikan musnah.
Dari ulasan singkat diatas maka makalah ini akan membahas mengenai pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh industri dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Makalah ini terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu bagian pertama mengenai pendahuluan, bagian kedua mengenai pencemaran air dan kaitannya dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan bagian ketiga mengenai kesimpulan dan saran.
II. Pencemaran air
Air merupakan sumber kehidupan di muka bumi ini, kita semua bergantung pada air. Dengan demikian diperlukan air yang dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya. Belakangan ini, persoalan penyediaan air yang memenuhi syarat menjadi masalah seluruh umat manusia. Dari segi kualitas dan kuantitas air telah berkurang yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran.
Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 32/2009 yang dimaksud dengan pencemaran lingkungan adalah masuk atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam lingkungan hidup oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga melampaui baku mutu lingkungan hidup yang telah ditetapkan. Baku mutu lingkungan hidup itu sendiri adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan/atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam suatu sumberdaya tertentu sebagai unsur lingkungan hidup. Berdasarkan definisi pencemaran menurut UU maka dapat disederhanakan dengan melihat dua unsur dalam masalah pencemaran yaitu sumber perubahan akibat kegiatan manusia atau proses alam, bentuk perubahannya adalah berubahnya konsentrasi suatu bahan dalam lingkungan. Maka pencemaran air adalah masuk atau dimasukannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan atau komponen lain kedalam air dan atau berubahnya tatanan air oleh kegiatan manusia atau proses alam sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ketingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan air kurang atau tidak dapat lagi berfungsi sesuai dengan peruntukkannya.
Lokasi industri yang tidak jauh dari perairan sungai ataupun laut, seringkali mengakibatkan perairan tersebut mengalami pencemaran. Limbah industri seringkali meninggalkan logam-logam berat seperti cadmium, zinc, timah dan besi serta mengakibatkan kerusakan ekosistem. Pencemaran air yang telah terjadi secara alami misalnya adanya jumlah logam-logam berat yang masuk dan menumpuk dalam tubuh manusia, logam berat ini dapat meracuni organ tubuh melalui pencernaan karena tubuh memakan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang mengandung logam berat meskipun diperlukan dalam jumlah kecil. Penumpukan logam-logam berat ini terjadi dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan karena terkontaminasi oleh limbah industri.
Air normal yang memenuhi syarat untuk suatu kehidupan mempunyai pH sekitar 6,5-7,5. Air akan bersifat asam atau basa tergantung besar kecilnya pH. Bila pH dibawah pH normal, maka air tersebut bersifat asam, sedangkan air yang mempunyai pH diatas pH normal bersifat basa. Air limbah dan bahan buangan industri akan mengubah pH air yang akhirnya akan mengganggu kehidupan biota akuatik.
Banyaknya zat pencemar pada air limbah akan menyebabkan menurunnya kadar oksigen terlarut dalam air tersebut, sehingga akan mengakibatkan kehidupan dalam air yang membutuhkan oksigen terganggu serta mengurangi perkembangannya. Selain itu kematian dapat pula disebabkan adanya zat beracun yang juga menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman dan tumbuhan air. Akibat matinya bakteri-bakteri, maka proses penjernihan air secara alamiah yang seharusnya terjadi pada air limbah juga terhambat. Dengan air limbah menjadi sulit terurai. Panas dari industri juaga akan membawa dampak bagi kematian organisme, apabila air limbah tidak didinginkan dahulu. (Warlina,2004). Cara menanggulangi agar tidak terjadi penumpukan logam-logam berat, maka limbah industri hendaknya dilakukan pengolahan sebelum dibuang ke sungai.
Pada prinsipnya ada 2 (dua) usaha untuk menanggulangi pencemaran, yaitu penanggulangan secara non-teknis dan secara teknis. Penanggulangan secara non-teknis yaitu suatu usaha untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dengan cara menciptakan peraturan perundangan yang dapat merencanakan, mengatur dan mengawasi segala macam bentuk kegiatan industri dan teknologi sehingga tidak terjadi pencemaran. Peraturan perundangan ini hendaknya dapat memberikan gambaran secara jelas tentang kegiatan industri yang akan dilaksanakan, misalnya meliputi AMDAL, pengaturan dan pengawasan kegiatan dan menanamkan perilaku disiplin sedangkan penanggulangan secara teknis bersumber pada perlakuan industri terhadap perlakuan buangannya, misalnya dengan mengubah proses, mengelola limbah atau menambah alat bantu yang dapat mengurangi pencemaran. (Warlina,2004)
Limbah industri sebelum dibuang ke tempat pembuangan, dialirkan ke sungai atau selokan hendaknya dikumpulkan di suatu tempat yang disediakan, kemudian diolah, agar bila terpaksa harus dibuang ke sungai tidak menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran air. Bahkan kalau dapat setelah diolah tidak dibuang ke sungai melainkan dapat digunakan lagi untuk keperluan industri sendiri.
Pengolahan limbah dalam kegiatan industri/perusahaan haruslah menjadi kearifan lokal bagi pemilik dan manajemen perusahaan. Pemerintah juga harus secara berkala melakukan uji kualitas air. Pelaksanaan penilaian terhadap kualitas air, yaitu membandingkan beberapa ukuran/parameter kunci dengan bakumutu yang ditetapkan, indikator yang umum diketahui pada pemeriksaan pencemaran air, antara lain; konsentrasi ion hidrogen (pH), kebutuhan oksigen untuk proses biologi (BOD), kebutuhan oksigen kimiawi (COD), lemak dan minyak, nitrogen, suspended solid, total dissolved solid. (Yunuz, 2007)
Dengan adanya pengolahan limbah yang baik yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan maka dapat mewujudkan konsep pembangunan yang berkelanjutan (sustainable development), selain itu perusahaan juga bertanggung jawab terhadap lingkungan sosial (masyarakat). Perusahaan yang mempunyai kesadaran akan kelestarian lingkungan sadar bahwa kelangsungan perusahaan bukan dalam jangka pendek melainkan untuk jangka panjang. Perusahaan didalam menjalankan usahanya membutuhkan air yang bersih, dan kebutuhan air untuk jangka panjang diperoleh jika perusahaan itu mampu mengelola limbahnya. Andaikan perusahaan tidak mampu mengelola limbah buangannya tentu saja akan mengancam ketersediaan air bersih. Limbah buangan yang dibuang ke sungai, sebagian akan masuk ke dalam tanah, dan sebagian lagi akan mengikuti aliran sungai dan menguap. Air sungai yang telah tercemar limbah tentu saja tidak akan dapat diolah oleh PDAM (untuk daerah perkotaan) untuk menjadi air bersih. Air limbah yang masuk ke dalam tanah akan mencemari kualitas air tanah.
III. Kesimpulan dan Saran
Pencemaran air dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Pencemaran air dapat disebabkan salah satunya oleh limbah industri. Perusahaan dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasionalnya harus didasari kearifan lokal dengan cara mengolah limbah cair-nya dengan baik. Pengolahan limbah yang baik oleh perusahaan diperlukan untuk jangka panjang perusahaan agar tetap beroperasi. Pengolahan limbah merupakan salah satu tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan terhadap masyarakat. Pemerintah juga hendaknya mengeluarkan kebijakan yang pada dasarnya merangsang pengguna air untuk melakukan efisiensi dengan menganggap bahwa air merupakan sumberdaya yang terbatas.
.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Asdak, Chay (1995), Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, ed.1, Gadjahmada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Warlina, Lina (2004), Pencemaran air: sumber, dampak dan penanggulangannya, Makalah pribadi pengantar ke falsafah sains, Sekolah pasca sarjana S3,IPB. Bogor.
UU No.32 (2009), Undang-undang tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.
http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-lingkungan/pencemaran-air/penanggulangan-terhadap-terjadinya-pencemaran-air-dan-pengolahan-limbah/
http://planethijau.com/mod.php?mod=publisher&op=viewarticle&cid=46&artid=1055
http://yunuzmuhammad.blogspot.com/2007/11/pengertian-dan-sumber-pencemaran.html
Sunday, 2 May 2010
Show me the meaning-Backstreet boys
Show me the meaning of being lonely
So many words for the broken heart
It's hard to see in a crimson love
So hard to breathe
Walk with me, and maybe...
Nights of light so soon become
Wild and free, I could feel the sun.
Your every wish
Will be done.
Its tell me...
Refrain :
Show me the meaning of being lonely
Is this the feeling I need to walk with?
Tell me why
I can't be there where you are
There's something missing in my heart
Life goes on as it never ends
Eyes of stone observe the trends
They never say forever gaze if only
Guilty roads to an endless love
There's no control
Are you with me now?
Your every wish will be done
Its tell me
Refrain
There's nowhere to run
I have no place to go
Surrender my heart, body and soul
How can it be you're asking me to feel
The things you never show?
You are missing in my heart
Tell me why
I cannot be there where you are
Refrain
So many words for the broken heart
It's hard to see in a crimson love
So hard to breathe
Walk with me, and maybe...
Nights of light so soon become
Wild and free, I could feel the sun.
Your every wish
Will be done.
Its tell me...
Refrain :
Show me the meaning of being lonely
Is this the feeling I need to walk with?
Tell me why
I can't be there where you are
There's something missing in my heart
Life goes on as it never ends
Eyes of stone observe the trends
They never say forever gaze if only
Guilty roads to an endless love
There's no control
Are you with me now?
Your every wish will be done
Its tell me
Refrain
There's nowhere to run
I have no place to go
Surrender my heart, body and soul
How can it be you're asking me to feel
The things you never show?
You are missing in my heart
Tell me why
I cannot be there where you are
Refrain
Tuesday, 13 April 2010
GOOGLE PLANS To Make OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK 1GBPS: Ease Opportunities for the Company in the Future
GOOGLE PLANS To Make OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK 1GBPS:
Ease Opportunities for the Company in the Future
By : Imanugrahtama
A. Introduction
Information technology progressed each year. Starting from the form of meaningless pictures on the walls, inscriptions, until the information became known as the Internet. The information submitted dikekola and continue to be developed, from simple information such as simply describing a state, to the CEO of strategic information which can quickly make decisions. The development of information technology is certainly going to bring convenience in every human activity.
Information technology is computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information, such as communication technology (networks) in conveying information (Brown et al, 2009). Based on the definition of information technology, it can be concluded that the role of hardware / hardware and software / software can affect an information. Development of hardware technologies tend toward small size with high capability and capacity and effort that is relative cheap price. The development of information technology can improve performance and enable a variety of activities can be implemented quickly, precisely and accurately, thereby increasing work productivity.
The development of information technology and especially the development of internet speed occurred in the last two decades. With the development of computer technology, the rapid development of computer network was also required to follow the development of these technologies, and in building a link or connection of a workstation or server will not be able to function if the equipment is not connected physically, the relationship is known as a LAN media generally in the form of transmission cables and one fiber optic transmission is.
Technological advances bring significant changes to the world. Advertising companies and search engine giant (according to news released on the official Web site on February 10, 2010), Google plans to build and test the fiber-optic broadband network super fast in some communities in the United States, which promises a service speed of one gigabit per second. With a speed of 1Gbps is allow a user to download an HD movie in minutes and more than 1000 is faster than DSL service offered by AT & T.
Google's goal to make fiber optic network is to help Internet access faster and better for everyone. Google explains that it just test new ways to build a fiber network, and operates a network of "open access", gives users the choice of multi-service provider.
Needs broadband speeds at various companies depending on the type of company. Multimedia companies, banking companies, and companies that are multinational companies that need cooporation is the speed of broadband internet, where data may be needed quickly.
This paper will discuss the company's opportunities in the future if google plans to be organized. Systematics of the writing of this paper is divided into four sections, the first introduction, the second review of the literature, these three easy opportunities and threats in the future if the company Google plans to become a reality, and whether there is another purpose of google to make fiber optic cables, and the last is the conclusion and suggestions.
B. Reader Reviews
Data can be used from one location to another, and there should be an intermediary in delivering the data. One is fiber optics. Fiber optics (optical fiber) is a pure glass that long and thin and the diameter of human hair and in some fiber optic pengunaannya put together in a place called optical cables and used to deliver digital data in the form of rays in the very long distances. Advances in optical technology makes it possible to submit data to the pulse (pulse) of light through the fibers of glass or silica.
Optical fiber is surrounded by cladding, a layer that prevents light from leaking out of the fiber. Optical fiber consists of 2 parts, the cladding and core. Cladding is the sheath of the core. Cladding has a lower refractive index than the core will reflect back the light that leads out of the core back into the core again. The efficiency of optical fibers is determined by the purity of the material glass compiler. The more pure glass materials, the less light is absorbed by fiber optics.
History of Fiber Optics
The history of fiber optics began in Victorian times, when the physicist John Tyndall discovered that light can walk in a curved line in the water with the amount of material internal reflection. This principle is used to illuminate the working principle of water flow in the fountain. In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany experiments led to the discovery of optical fiber. The study was based on the study of Tyndall.
Further development in the mid-20th century, research focused on the wrapping fiber (fiber) to transmit the image, with its main equipment is the gastroscope in the medical field. Semi-flexible fiber optic gastroscope first patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss-researcher at the University of Michigan-in 1956. In the process of development of gastroscope, Curtis produced the first fiberglass-clad fiber-optic previous well in air or oil and wax that are not useful as an additional low-index material.
Type of Fiber Optics
Distribution of optic fibers can be seen from the 2 kinds of differences:
1. Based on the dirambatkan Mode:
• Single mode: fiber optics with a very small core diameter, so close to the wavelength of light that goes into it does not bounce-bounce-to wall cladding.
• Multi mode: fiber optic core with a slightly larger diameter which makes the laser in it will bounce-bounce-in wall cladding that can cause reduced bandwidth of optical fiber type.
2. Based on the refractive index of cores:
• Step index: in step index optical fibers, the core has a homogeneous refractive index.
• Graded index: core refractive index closer toward the smaller cladding. So the graded index, the central core has a refractive index value is greatest. Graded index fibers allow to bring greater bandwidth, because the widening of the pulse occurs can be minimized.
Reliability of optical fiber unit can be determined by the BER (Bit Error Rate). One end of optical fibers are given a certain data input and the other to process the data. With a low laser intensity and the fiber length reaches a few kilometers, it will generate an error. Total error of unity of time is called BER. With the knowledge of the BER, number of mistakes on the same optical fiber with different length can be estimated.
Gain Fiber Optics
Fiber optics is faster than other media and require less space because of optical cable has a very small diameter. Fiber optic cable is more secure because the fiber optic cable does not have radiation, and very difficult to peel.
Highly reliable optical fiber for optical fiber is not affected by the power-line wave, electromagnetic interference, or corrosive chemicals in the air. These benefits lead to telephone companies use optical fiber in long-distance telephone channel, the channel that connects the central office site and most of the local lines from the central office is located at a site to terminuses subdivision (advantage of speed and security are obvious). High cost of necessary equipment and difficulties in dealing with small fibers make media that is not interesting for most LAN, except when used as a backbone to connect multiple LAN and where speeds are very high or high security needs.
The existence of fiber optic transmission media, this will make in terms of speed of networks, and can become the backbone for information systems and digital-based entertainment. Fiber optics is the fastest transmission medium among other transmission media.
Table 1. Media Transmission Speed
The speed of transmission media Description
Twisted pair telephone-voice-56kbps 14.4 kbps Kbps = kilo bits per second
Mbps = million bits per second
Gbps = billion bits per second
Twisted pair 128-kbps digital telephone-7mbps
Twisted pair-LAN-1gbps 10 mbps
Coaxial cable 10 mbps-1gbps
Wireless LAN 100Mbps 6-mbps
Microwave-100Mbps 500 kbps
Satellite (per transponder) 500 kbps-100Mbps
Fiber Optic Cable 100 mbps-640gbps
Source: Brown, 2009. Managing Information Technology.
Based on table 1 above, the fiber optic cable can reach speeds 640gbps so this will make the speed of accessing data and digital video will be faster. Fiber optic cable is a medium that many glimpsed video industry.
Lightweight design coupled with a fast tranmisinya makes fiber optic cable as a valuable discovery. In the television industry, large capacity data transmission becomes a plus for fiber optic cable. In addition, the invention of fiber optic cable trouble answering video digitalization process that requires millions of bits per second, during which this occurs.
The difference with Satellite Cable Fiber Optic Cable
From table 1 can be seen the difference between the fiber optic cable and satellite but need to be reviewed more critically about the difference between the two transmissions. Channel fiber optic cables for miles to be planted may sound old-fashioned. One would think why not use a satellite? Satellites have several differences compared to fiber optic systems, such as: satellite needs to adapt to atmospheric conditions and time of sending a signal that depends on the satellite crowd. In fact the optical fiber system has a major advantage compared to the satellite, namely: the level of security offered by fiber optics is higher. Satellite systems allow a computer that is not listed can receive (or taking) a signal that is sent. Another difference between the two is that satellite systems are also operating principles of point-to-multipoint, while fiber-optic systems adhere to the principle of a relay point-to-point (eg, from one city to any other city).
C. Facilitate opportunities for companies and behind the Google plan
C.1. Facilitate opportunities and threats for the Company
In this era of multinational companies using digital video in the office operational processes. For example, the technician can record activities and sent to the supervisor who was in another country using the internet. Of course this requires a speed internet to download and upload data. Besides multinational companies also use streaming video to communicate with other employees who are in two different countries, so that the speed Internet access is a priority.
Company in the world of entertainment facilities will also require a fast internet speed to be able to support the activities. Entertainment company in the world can take advantage of the site you tube and my space social networking to market the product. With a speed of 1 giga bite per second can of course save a lot of time in order to speed up business activities.
Manager of a company will be able to access data and information so quickly that the decisions are urgent can be taken within a period of fast. Managers can also access the video to support its operational activities in the sense that managers can monitor from afar without having to be at the project site.
With the planned fiber optic network from Google is a company must have an IT development plan in the future. Companies should anticipate to utilize this fiber optic network with a good google if google managed to bring fiber optic network with a speed of 1 giga bytes per second this. Google network utilization should also take into account installation costs, monthly costs and operational costs that company.
The Company must think thoroughly about the replacement plan in the future network. This is to avoid the system down if the network has not yet been well implemented in the company. Phasing strategy and the strategy is a strategy best pilots in implementing network changes, changes in an enterprise system.
With the speed of Internet access will create a more competitive climate companies competitive. Information and changing conditions that companies listed on the website can be directly accessed by competitors. Besides the network security level needs to be looked at more carefully. It needs a network security layers to prevent theft of data and information very quickly.
C.2. Behind Google's Plan
Currently mastering google market share in the world of information and communication. With the search engine giant Google can beat the first company that has been playing like MSN and yahoo. With google the information and data can be quickly obtained.
Google doing business differentiation around 2000s. Google started the acquisition of several large companies to expand their business like you tube, Gizmo5, Blogger, DocVerse, Aardvark, feedburner, AOL, Panoramio, Jaiku. Acquisitions made by Google is making Google more powerful in the market and start reaching business outside its core business, such as recently issued a nexus one that works with HTC.
On his official website which was released on February 10, 2010, Google plans to test the optical cable network in the states of the United States who are interested to google fiber optic cable network. There is a possibility google doing business differentiation broadband network to connect data centers, accelerating the search, and reduce the cost of billions of streaming video on YouTube a month. Besides that would make google as default search engine search fields as your default mail e-mail and make voice phone and phone google android more meaningful.
D. Conclusions and Suggestions
Development of internet speed is always changing every year. IT companies and divisions should react with the jelly. Technology does not have to always be followed but choose a technology that can survive for five years into the future. This is necessary to reduce the cost if the company continues to follow developments in technology each year and is also associated with human resources owned by the company.
Google plans to develop a fiber optic network by taking samples at 50.000 is a step in the right house. Google could make a strong positioning to the people of the United States through other services provided by google. This will create a convenience for Americans to access data and information quickly.
Suppose that google plans to be organized and able to cover the various world course google will have a strong positioning. Multinational companies can use the facilities and services to help its operations. Left company operations that require digital data can be quickly accessed. Shorter operating time will take effect for customers to obtain goods and services.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Brown, Carol V. DeHayes, Daniel W. Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Martin, E.Wainright. Perkins, William C. (2009), Managing Information Technology, 6th ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc.
Rainer, R.Kelly. Turban, Efraim. (2009),2nd ed, Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley &Sons Pte Ltd.
http://arjunthomas.com/?p=202
http://blog.its.ac.id/rizahanum09mhsisitsacid/2009/12/31/serat-optik/
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-10/google-plans-to-build-high-speed-fiber-optic-networks-update2-.html
http://rizaldp.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/perkembangan-teknologi-informasi-untuk-kebermanfaatan/
http://riyadh.ngeblogs.com/2010/03/03/sejarah-perkembangan-teknologi-informasi-dan-komunikasi/
http://thoy.blogdetik.com/tag/fiber-optic/
Ease Opportunities for the Company in the Future
By : Imanugrahtama
A. Introduction
Information technology progressed each year. Starting from the form of meaningless pictures on the walls, inscriptions, until the information became known as the Internet. The information submitted dikekola and continue to be developed, from simple information such as simply describing a state, to the CEO of strategic information which can quickly make decisions. The development of information technology is certainly going to bring convenience in every human activity.
Information technology is computer technology (hardware and software) for processing and storing information, such as communication technology (networks) in conveying information (Brown et al, 2009). Based on the definition of information technology, it can be concluded that the role of hardware / hardware and software / software can affect an information. Development of hardware technologies tend toward small size with high capability and capacity and effort that is relative cheap price. The development of information technology can improve performance and enable a variety of activities can be implemented quickly, precisely and accurately, thereby increasing work productivity.
The development of information technology and especially the development of internet speed occurred in the last two decades. With the development of computer technology, the rapid development of computer network was also required to follow the development of these technologies, and in building a link or connection of a workstation or server will not be able to function if the equipment is not connected physically, the relationship is known as a LAN media generally in the form of transmission cables and one fiber optic transmission is.
Technological advances bring significant changes to the world. Advertising companies and search engine giant (according to news released on the official Web site on February 10, 2010), Google plans to build and test the fiber-optic broadband network super fast in some communities in the United States, which promises a service speed of one gigabit per second. With a speed of 1Gbps is allow a user to download an HD movie in minutes and more than 1000 is faster than DSL service offered by AT & T.
Google's goal to make fiber optic network is to help Internet access faster and better for everyone. Google explains that it just test new ways to build a fiber network, and operates a network of "open access", gives users the choice of multi-service provider.
Needs broadband speeds at various companies depending on the type of company. Multimedia companies, banking companies, and companies that are multinational companies that need cooporation is the speed of broadband internet, where data may be needed quickly.
This paper will discuss the company's opportunities in the future if google plans to be organized. Systematics of the writing of this paper is divided into four sections, the first introduction, the second review of the literature, these three easy opportunities and threats in the future if the company Google plans to become a reality, and whether there is another purpose of google to make fiber optic cables, and the last is the conclusion and suggestions.
B. Reader Reviews
Data can be used from one location to another, and there should be an intermediary in delivering the data. One is fiber optics. Fiber optics (optical fiber) is a pure glass that long and thin and the diameter of human hair and in some fiber optic pengunaannya put together in a place called optical cables and used to deliver digital data in the form of rays in the very long distances. Advances in optical technology makes it possible to submit data to the pulse (pulse) of light through the fibers of glass or silica.
Optical fiber is surrounded by cladding, a layer that prevents light from leaking out of the fiber. Optical fiber consists of 2 parts, the cladding and core. Cladding is the sheath of the core. Cladding has a lower refractive index than the core will reflect back the light that leads out of the core back into the core again. The efficiency of optical fibers is determined by the purity of the material glass compiler. The more pure glass materials, the less light is absorbed by fiber optics.
History of Fiber Optics
The history of fiber optics began in Victorian times, when the physicist John Tyndall discovered that light can walk in a curved line in the water with the amount of material internal reflection. This principle is used to illuminate the working principle of water flow in the fountain. In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany experiments led to the discovery of optical fiber. The study was based on the study of Tyndall.
Further development in the mid-20th century, research focused on the wrapping fiber (fiber) to transmit the image, with its main equipment is the gastroscope in the medical field. Semi-flexible fiber optic gastroscope first patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss-researcher at the University of Michigan-in 1956. In the process of development of gastroscope, Curtis produced the first fiberglass-clad fiber-optic previous well in air or oil and wax that are not useful as an additional low-index material.
Type of Fiber Optics
Distribution of optic fibers can be seen from the 2 kinds of differences:
1. Based on the dirambatkan Mode:
• Single mode: fiber optics with a very small core diameter, so close to the wavelength of light that goes into it does not bounce-bounce-to wall cladding.
• Multi mode: fiber optic core with a slightly larger diameter which makes the laser in it will bounce-bounce-in wall cladding that can cause reduced bandwidth of optical fiber type.
2. Based on the refractive index of cores:
• Step index: in step index optical fibers, the core has a homogeneous refractive index.
• Graded index: core refractive index closer toward the smaller cladding. So the graded index, the central core has a refractive index value is greatest. Graded index fibers allow to bring greater bandwidth, because the widening of the pulse occurs can be minimized.
Reliability of optical fiber unit can be determined by the BER (Bit Error Rate). One end of optical fibers are given a certain data input and the other to process the data. With a low laser intensity and the fiber length reaches a few kilometers, it will generate an error. Total error of unity of time is called BER. With the knowledge of the BER, number of mistakes on the same optical fiber with different length can be estimated.
Gain Fiber Optics
Fiber optics is faster than other media and require less space because of optical cable has a very small diameter. Fiber optic cable is more secure because the fiber optic cable does not have radiation, and very difficult to peel.
Highly reliable optical fiber for optical fiber is not affected by the power-line wave, electromagnetic interference, or corrosive chemicals in the air. These benefits lead to telephone companies use optical fiber in long-distance telephone channel, the channel that connects the central office site and most of the local lines from the central office is located at a site to terminuses subdivision (advantage of speed and security are obvious). High cost of necessary equipment and difficulties in dealing with small fibers make media that is not interesting for most LAN, except when used as a backbone to connect multiple LAN and where speeds are very high or high security needs.
The existence of fiber optic transmission media, this will make in terms of speed of networks, and can become the backbone for information systems and digital-based entertainment. Fiber optics is the fastest transmission medium among other transmission media.
Table 1. Media Transmission Speed
The speed of transmission media Description
Twisted pair telephone-voice-56kbps 14.4 kbps Kbps = kilo bits per second
Mbps = million bits per second
Gbps = billion bits per second
Twisted pair 128-kbps digital telephone-7mbps
Twisted pair-LAN-1gbps 10 mbps
Coaxial cable 10 mbps-1gbps
Wireless LAN 100Mbps 6-mbps
Microwave-100Mbps 500 kbps
Satellite (per transponder) 500 kbps-100Mbps
Fiber Optic Cable 100 mbps-640gbps
Source: Brown, 2009. Managing Information Technology.
Based on table 1 above, the fiber optic cable can reach speeds 640gbps so this will make the speed of accessing data and digital video will be faster. Fiber optic cable is a medium that many glimpsed video industry.
Lightweight design coupled with a fast tranmisinya makes fiber optic cable as a valuable discovery. In the television industry, large capacity data transmission becomes a plus for fiber optic cable. In addition, the invention of fiber optic cable trouble answering video digitalization process that requires millions of bits per second, during which this occurs.
The difference with Satellite Cable Fiber Optic Cable
From table 1 can be seen the difference between the fiber optic cable and satellite but need to be reviewed more critically about the difference between the two transmissions. Channel fiber optic cables for miles to be planted may sound old-fashioned. One would think why not use a satellite? Satellites have several differences compared to fiber optic systems, such as: satellite needs to adapt to atmospheric conditions and time of sending a signal that depends on the satellite crowd. In fact the optical fiber system has a major advantage compared to the satellite, namely: the level of security offered by fiber optics is higher. Satellite systems allow a computer that is not listed can receive (or taking) a signal that is sent. Another difference between the two is that satellite systems are also operating principles of point-to-multipoint, while fiber-optic systems adhere to the principle of a relay point-to-point (eg, from one city to any other city).
C. Facilitate opportunities for companies and behind the Google plan
C.1. Facilitate opportunities and threats for the Company
In this era of multinational companies using digital video in the office operational processes. For example, the technician can record activities and sent to the supervisor who was in another country using the internet. Of course this requires a speed internet to download and upload data. Besides multinational companies also use streaming video to communicate with other employees who are in two different countries, so that the speed Internet access is a priority.
Company in the world of entertainment facilities will also require a fast internet speed to be able to support the activities. Entertainment company in the world can take advantage of the site you tube and my space social networking to market the product. With a speed of 1 giga bite per second can of course save a lot of time in order to speed up business activities.
Manager of a company will be able to access data and information so quickly that the decisions are urgent can be taken within a period of fast. Managers can also access the video to support its operational activities in the sense that managers can monitor from afar without having to be at the project site.
With the planned fiber optic network from Google is a company must have an IT development plan in the future. Companies should anticipate to utilize this fiber optic network with a good google if google managed to bring fiber optic network with a speed of 1 giga bytes per second this. Google network utilization should also take into account installation costs, monthly costs and operational costs that company.
The Company must think thoroughly about the replacement plan in the future network. This is to avoid the system down if the network has not yet been well implemented in the company. Phasing strategy and the strategy is a strategy best pilots in implementing network changes, changes in an enterprise system.
With the speed of Internet access will create a more competitive climate companies competitive. Information and changing conditions that companies listed on the website can be directly accessed by competitors. Besides the network security level needs to be looked at more carefully. It needs a network security layers to prevent theft of data and information very quickly.
C.2. Behind Google's Plan
Currently mastering google market share in the world of information and communication. With the search engine giant Google can beat the first company that has been playing like MSN and yahoo. With google the information and data can be quickly obtained.
Google doing business differentiation around 2000s. Google started the acquisition of several large companies to expand their business like you tube, Gizmo5, Blogger, DocVerse, Aardvark, feedburner, AOL, Panoramio, Jaiku. Acquisitions made by Google is making Google more powerful in the market and start reaching business outside its core business, such as recently issued a nexus one that works with HTC.
On his official website which was released on February 10, 2010, Google plans to test the optical cable network in the states of the United States who are interested to google fiber optic cable network. There is a possibility google doing business differentiation broadband network to connect data centers, accelerating the search, and reduce the cost of billions of streaming video on YouTube a month. Besides that would make google as default search engine search fields as your default mail e-mail and make voice phone and phone google android more meaningful.
D. Conclusions and Suggestions
Development of internet speed is always changing every year. IT companies and divisions should react with the jelly. Technology does not have to always be followed but choose a technology that can survive for five years into the future. This is necessary to reduce the cost if the company continues to follow developments in technology each year and is also associated with human resources owned by the company.
Google plans to develop a fiber optic network by taking samples at 50.000 is a step in the right house. Google could make a strong positioning to the people of the United States through other services provided by google. This will create a convenience for Americans to access data and information quickly.
Suppose that google plans to be organized and able to cover the various world course google will have a strong positioning. Multinational companies can use the facilities and services to help its operations. Left company operations that require digital data can be quickly accessed. Shorter operating time will take effect for customers to obtain goods and services.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Brown, Carol V. DeHayes, Daniel W. Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Martin, E.Wainright. Perkins, William C. (2009), Managing Information Technology, 6th ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc.
Rainer, R.Kelly. Turban, Efraim. (2009),2nd ed, Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley &Sons Pte Ltd.
http://arjunthomas.com/?p=202
http://blog.its.ac.id/rizahanum09mhsisitsacid/2009/12/31/serat-optik/
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-10/google-plans-to-build-high-speed-fiber-optic-networks-update2-.html
http://rizaldp.wordpress.com/2010/01/29/perkembangan-teknologi-informasi-untuk-kebermanfaatan/
http://riyadh.ngeblogs.com/2010/03/03/sejarah-perkembangan-teknologi-informasi-dan-komunikasi/
http://thoy.blogdetik.com/tag/fiber-optic/
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